A Unified Hybrid Terminal Integrating GNSS and LEO-PNT with 5G and LEO Signals of Opportunity: Consolidated System Design and Measured Performance
Author(s)
Domínguez-Tijero, Enrique; Fidalgo, Javier; Meneses, Marcelo; Albert Pinto, Freddy; García, David; José Mata, Francisco; Giustiniano, Domenico; Santaromita, Giuseppe; Otim, Timothy; Pigato, Francesco; Reus, Antoni; Fernández, Marc; Liu, Qi; Fabra, Fran; Seco-Granados, Gonzalo; López-Salcedo, José A.Date
2026-09Abstract
Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) is evolving beyond conventional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) through the use of complementary terrestrial and space-based signals. Dedicated Low Earth Orbit PNT (LEO-PNT), 5G New Radio (NR) terrestrial network (TN) signals, 5G non-terrestrial networks (NTN) signals (evaluated through controlled emulation of LEO-like delay and Doppler conditions), and LEO Signals of Opportunity (LEO-SOP) offer complementary geometry, availability, bandwidth and resilience. Their integration within a common receiver architecture can improve navigation performance in environments where GNSS alone is insufficient.
